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Facial coding is the process of measuring human emotions through facial expressions. Emotions can be detected by computer algorithms for automatic emotion recognition, that record facial expressions via webcam. This can be applied to better understanding of people’s reactions to visual stimuli. ==History== In 1872. Charles Darwin published a book “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals”. He compared numerous images of humans and animals in different emotional states and suggested that some basic emotions, like anger, fear and sadness, are universal and present across ethnicities, cultures and even species. According to Darwin facial expressions were inborn (not learned) and common to humans and animals (some human characteristics like clenching teeth in anger or tears in eyes when sad have animal origin).〔C. Darwin, The expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. J. Murray, London. (1872)〕〔Dalgleish, Tim (July 2004). (“The emotional brain” ). (www.nature.com ). Retrieved October 6, 2015.〕〔Jabr, Ferris (May 24, 2010). (“The evolution of emotion: Charles Darwin's little-known psychology experiment” ).(Scientific American ). Retrieved October 6, 2015.〕 Despite the Darwin’s theory, in 1950 the prevailing belief was that facial expressions were determined by cultural background and learning process. In 1960s, Paul Ekman an American Psychologist, set out to visit people from different nations (including an isolated indigenous tribe in Papua New Guinea) to study non-verbal behavior across cultures. His research showed that Darwin was right and that facial expressions and emotions are universal as people from diverse cultural background interpreted expressions in photos in similar way. Ekman’s work indicated existence of 7 basic emotions that are universally present: happiness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust, sadness and neutral.〔http://www.paulekman.com/paul-ekman/〕〔P. Ekman, Universal Facial Expressions of Emotion. California Mental Health Research Digest, Vol. 8. (1970)〕〔P. Ekman, Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life, Times Books. (2003)〕 In 1978 Ekman and Friesen updated Facial Action Coding System (FACS), originally developed by a Swedish anatomist Carl-Herman Hjortsjö.〔Hjortsjö, CH (1969). (Man's face and mimic language ).〕 FACS is a tool for classification of all facial expressions that humans can make. Each component of facial movement is called an action unit (AU) and all facial expressions can be broken down to action unites. Ekman and Friesen identified 46 different units to describe each facial movement.〔P. Ekman, W.V. Friesen, Facial Action Coding System Investigator’s Guide, Consulting Psychologist Press. Palo Alto, CA. (1978)〕〔(Facial Action Coding System ). Retrieved October 6, 2015.〕〔Hamm, J.; Kohler, C. G.; Gur, R. C.; Verma, R. (2011). ("Automated Facial Action Coding System for dynamic analysis of facial expressions in neuropsychiatric disorders" ). Journal of Neuroscience Methods. Retrieved October 6, 2015.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Facial coding」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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